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The Thai Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

Abstract

Background: Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs), particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are attributed with the capacity to prevent cardiovascular diseases (CVD), chronic inflammation, and neurodegenerative diseases. Their bioactive contribution consists on interfering with lipid metabolism, decreasing inflammation, and increasing neuroprotection. Still, the findings imply that there is a considerable need for greater clarification of their mechanisms and their application to clinical care.

Objectives: This narrative review is intended to discuss the potential target(s) of action, uses, and efficacy of ω-3 PUFAs in the context of CVD, inflammation, and neurodegenerative diseases.

Materials and Methods: This narrative review was conducted through a comprehensive literature search using databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Studies published from the last 10 years were included, focusing on omega-3 fatty acids’ effects on cardiovascular, inflammatory, and neurological health. Both experimental and clinical studies were considered. Key search terms included “omega-3 fatty acids,” “eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA),” “docosahexaenoic acid (DHA),” “cardiovascular health,” “inflammation,” “neurological diseases,” and “safety profile.” The inclusion criteria were peerreviewed articles in English that provided relevant mechanistic insights and clinical outcomes.

Results: EPA and DHA have been shown to reduce triglyceride levels, improve endothelial function, stabilize atherosclerotic plaques, and exhibit anti-arrhythmic properties. Inflammation is modulated through inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B and the production of specialized pro-resolving mediators such as resolvins and protectins. DHA also provides neuroprotection by enhancing membrane fluidity, reducing oxidative stress, and inhibiting apoptosis through the production of neuroprotection D1. Clinical trials such as the GISSI-prevenzione and Japan EPA lipid intervention study studies confirm the cardioprotective benefits of ω-3 supplementation.

Conclusion: The evidence strongly supports the therapeutic potential of ω-3 PUFAs in CVDs, chronic inflammations, and neurodegenerative diseases. Given the various ways that these nutrients are now known to exert their effects from lipid modulation to neuroprotection, the latter would be useful in the prevention and management of diseases and promotion of health.

DOI

10.56808/3027-7922.2982

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